Work, Life and Leisure Class 10 Notes Social Science History Chapter 6
I. Role of Industrialization in Shaping Modern Cities in England
A. Migration to early industrial cities like Leeds and Manchester due to the establishment of textile mills in the 18th century.
B. London became a center for international trade and commerce, attracting traders and merchants from all over the world.
C. Five major industries employed large numbers of workers:
1. Clothing and footwear
2. Wood and furniture
3. Metals and engineering
4. Printing and stationery
5. Precision products such as surgical instruments, watches, and objects of precious metal.
Impact of industrialization and urbanization on family life in Britain:
1. Transformation of family life in terms of function and shape.
2. Breakdown of the institution of the family as ties between household members loosened.
3. Marriage tended to break down among the working class.
4. Women of the upper and middle classes faced isolation and loss of industrial jobs, forcing them to withdraw into their homes.
5. The public space became increasingly dominated by men.
II. Steps taken by the British State to provide housing for working classes between 1919-1939
A. British State accepted responsibility for housing the working classes.
B. Local authorities built approximately a million houses, primarily single-family cottages.
C. Expansion of cities beyond walkable distances necessitated the development of suburbs and mass transport systems, leading to the establishment of railways.
III. Steps taken to clean up London
A. Demands for cleaner air and creation of green spaces.
B. Efforts to bridge the gap between the city and the countryside through a Green Belt around London.
C. Attempts to decongest localities, green open spaces, and reduce pollution.
D. Construction of large blocks of apartments and introduction of rent control.
E. Architect and planner Ebenezer Howard's development of the principles of the 'Garden City' concept.
F. Development of the Garden suburb of New Earswick by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker.
IV. Sources of entertainment for the common people of London
A. Annual cultural events such as opera, theater, and classical music performances for the wealthy Britishers.
B. Pubs served as meeting places for the working class to have drinks, exchange news, and discuss politics.
C. Establishment of libraries, art galleries, and museums to provide a sense of history.
D. Music halls were popular among the lower classes, and cinema became a mass entertainment medium in the early 20th century.
E. Industrial workers embraced holidaying by the seaside.
V. Transformation of Bombay into an industrial city
A. Initially served as a major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat.
B. Became a port through which large quantities of raw materials like cotton and opium passed in the 19th century.
C. Emerged as an important administrative center in Western India and a major industrial center by the end of the 19th century.
D. Growth of trade and establishment of textile mills led to a surge in migration.
E. Bombay's first cotton textile mill was established in 1854, and by 1921, there were 85 cotton mills with approximately 146,000 workers.
VI. 'Chawls of Bombay'
A. Working people who migrated from various parts lived in densely populated chawls.
B. Chawls were multi-storeyed structures divided into smaller one-room tenements without private toilets.
C. Streets and neighborhoods were used for various activities like work, washing, sleeping, and leisure.
D. Performances by magicians, monkey players, and acrobats were regular occurrences in open spaces amid chawls.
E. Liquor shops and akharas (wrestling grounds) emerged in empty spots.
VII. Rent Act (Bombay)
A. The Rent Act was passed in Mumbai (Bombay) in 1918.
B. Aimed to keep rents reasonable but resulted in a severe housing crisis as landlords withdrew houses from the market.
VIII. Bombay - A City of Dreams
A. Despite overcrowding and difficult living conditions, Bombay (Mumbai) is often seen as 'mayanagari,' a city of dreams.
B. Indian film industry centered in Bombay since the 1920s, contributed to the image of the city with its portrayal of slums and star bungalows.
C. Films depicted the arrival of migrants in the city and the daily pressures of life.
IX. Land reclamation process in Bombay
A. Seven islands of Bombay joined into one landmass over time.
B. Need for additional
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