Biomolecules Class 12 Handwritten Notes PDFs
I. Introduction to Biomolecules
A. Biomolecules refer to the organic molecules that are essential for life processes in living organisms. These molecules play crucial roles in various biological activities, including metabolism, energy storage, structural support, and information transfer.
II. Classification of Biomolecules
A. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are biomolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They include monosaccharides (single sugar units), disaccharides (two sugar units), and polysaccharides (long chains of sugar units). Carbohydrates serve as a primary source of energy and participate in structural support in plants and animals.
B. Proteins: Proteins are complex biomolecules made up of amino acids. They perform diverse functions in living organisms, such as enzymatic catalysis, structural support, transport of molecules, and cell signaling. Proteins have unique structures, including primary (sequence of amino acids), secondary (local folding patterns), tertiary (overall 3D structure), and quaternary (multiple protein subunits) structures.
C. Lipids: Lipids are hydrophobic biomolecules that include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids. They serve as a rich energy source, insulation, and components of cellular membranes. Lipids are characterized by their insolubility in water due to their nonpolar nature.
D. Nucleic Acids: Nucleic acids, namely DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), store and transmit genetic information. They are composed of nucleotide units, which consist of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. DNA carries hereditary information, while RNA plays a role in protein synthesis.
III. Properties and Functions of Biomolecules
A. Solubility and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity: Biomolecules exhibit varying solubilities in water due to differences in their chemical properties. Lipids are hydrophobic and insoluble in water, while carbohydrates and proteins can be hydrophilic and soluble.
B. pH dependence: Biomolecules' functions and structures can be influenced by the pH of their environment. Changes in pH can impact enzyme activity, protein folding, and nucleic acid stability.
C. Interactions with other biomolecules: Biomolecules interact with each other through various molecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions. These interactions are crucial for the formation of complex biological structures and processes.
D. Roles in cellular processes and metabolism: Biomolecules participate in vital cellular processes, including energy production, cell signaling, DNA replication, transcription, translation, and cellular transport. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis and supporting life-sustaining activities.
IV. Biochemical Techniques for Biomolecule Analysis
A. Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic techniques, such as UV-Vis (ultraviolet-visible), IR (infrared), and NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy, are used to analyze biomolecular structures and chemical properties.
B. Chromatography: Chromatographic methods like TLC (thin-layer chromatography), HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography), and GC (gas chromatography) enable the separation and identification of biomolecules based on their differential affinities.
C. Electrophoresis: Electrophoretic techniques like SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and agarose gel electrophoresis are employed to separate and analyze proteins and nucleic acids based on their size and charge.
D. Mass spectrometry: Mass spectrometry is utilized to determine the molecular weight and structural information of biomolecules by ionizing and analyzing their individual components.
E. DNA sequencing techniques: Various methods such as Sanger sequencing, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), and Single-Molecule Sequencing are used to determine the nucleotide sequence of DNA molecules.
V. Applications of Biomolecules
A. Medicine and drug development: Biomolecules play a vital role in understanding diseases, developing diagnostic tests, designing therapeutic drugs, and target-specific treatments like monoclonal antibodies.
B. Biotechnology and genetic engineering: Biomolecules are employed in biotechnological applications, including recombinant DNA technology, gene editing (CRISPR), production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and biofuel production.
C. Food science and nutrition: Biomolecules influence food properties, flavors, and nutritional value. They are studied for improving food quality, developing functional foods, and addressing nutritional deficiencies.
D. Environmental monitoring and pollution detection: Biomolecules are utilized in environmental studies to detect and analyze pollutants, assess water quality, monitor microbial populations, and study ecosystem dynamics.
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FAQs
Q1: What are biomolecules?
A biomolecule is a molecule that is produced by living organisms and plays a crucial role in various biological processes. These molecules are typically large and complex, composed of atoms such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Biomolecules can be divided into several categories, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Q2: What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are biomolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They serve as a primary source of energy for living organisms. Carbohydrates include simple sugars, or monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose, as well as complex sugars, or polysaccharides, such as starch and cellulose.
Q3: What are proteins?
Proteins are biomolecules composed of amino acids. They play a vital role in various biological functions, including enzymatic reactions, transportation, structural support, and immune responses. Proteins are involved in building and repairing tissues, regulating hormones, and facilitating chemical reactions within cells.
Q4: What are lipids?
Lipids are a diverse group of biomolecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids serve as a concentrated energy source, provide insulation and protection to organs, and play a role in cell membrane structure.
Q5: What are nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids are biomolecules that store and transmit genetic information. The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA contains the genetic instructions necessary for the development and functioning of all living organisms. RNA is involved in protein synthesis and carries out various cellular functions.
Q6: What is the importance of biomolecules?
Biomolecules are fundamental to life and are involved in numerous biological processes. They provide energy, support growth and repair of tissues, regulate cellular activities, and carry out essential functions within cells. Biomolecules also play a role in maintaining the structural integrity of cells and organisms.
Q7: Where are biomolecules found?
Biomolecules are found in all living organisms, including plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. They can be present in various parts of an organism, such as cells, tissues, organs, and bodily fluids.
Q8: Can biomolecules be synthesized or obtained from external sources?
Some biomolecules can be synthesized by the body itself, while others need to be obtained from external sources, such as food. For example, humans can synthesize certain amino acids, but others, known as essential amino acids, must be obtained from the diet. Similarly, some vitamins and fatty acids need to be acquired through dietary intake.
Q9: How are biomolecules studied?
Biomolecules are studied through various scientific techniques and disciplines such as biochemistry, molecular biology, and biophysics. Scientists use methods like spectroscopy, chromatography, X-ray crystallography, and genetic sequencing to analyze and understand the structure, function, and interactions of biomolecules.
Q10: Can biomolecules be used in medicine and biotechnology?
Yes, biomolecules have significant applications in medicine and biotechnology. They are used in pharmaceuticals to develop drugs and therapies for various diseases. Biomolecules like antibodies are employed in diagnostics and targeted therapies. Additionally, biomolecules serve as tools in biotechnology for genetic engineering, protein production, and molecular research.
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