D and F Block Elements Class 12 Handwritten Notes PDFs Download





I. Introduction to D and F Block Elements:

   A. Position in the periodic table: D block elements are located between groups 3 and 12, while F block elements are situated below the main body of the periodic table.

   B. Characteristics of transition elements: Transition elements have partially filled d orbitals and exhibit various oxidation states, metallic character, and form complex compounds.

   C. Electronic configuration and stability: D block elements have electrons filling up the (n-1)d orbitals, while F block elements have electrons filling up the (n-2)f and (n-1)d orbitals, contributing to their unique properties.


II. Transition Metals (D Block Elements):

   A. General properties of transition metals: These include high melting and boiling points, good conductivity, malleability, and ductility.

   B. Variable oxidation states: Transition metals exhibit multiple oxidation states due to the availability of d orbitals for electron transfer.

   C. Formation of colored compounds: Transition metals often form colored compounds due to the absorption and reflection of specific wavelengths of light.

   D. Complex formation and coordination compounds: Transition metals have the ability to form coordination complexes by bonding with ligands, resulting in diverse structures and properties.

   E. Catalytic properties of transition metals: Transition metals act as catalysts in many chemical reactions due to their ability to undergo redox reactions easily.

   F. Comparative study of first-row transition metals: A comparison of the properties and characteristics of first-row transition metals such as Scandium (Sc) through Zinc (Zn).

   G. Applications of transition metals: Transition metals find wide applications in industries, including medicine, electronics, and construction.

III. Inner Transition Metals (F Block Elements):

   A. Lanthanides: Lanthanides are also known as rare earth elements and are a series of 15 elements from atomic number 57 (lanthanum) to 71 (lutetium). They have similar properties and are widely used in various applications.

   B. Actinides: Actinides are a series of 15 elements from atomic number 89 (actinium) to 103 (lawrencium). They are radioactive and find applications in nuclear technology and research.


IV. Comparison of D and F Block Elements:

   A. Similarities and differences: This section focuses on the common characteristics shared by D and F block elements, as well as their distinguishing features.

   B. Oxidation states and electronic configurations: A comparison of the variety of oxidation states exhibited by transition metals and inner transition metals, along with their respective electronic configurations.

   C. Chemical reactivity and trends: Exploring the reactivity patterns, trends, and similarities observed within the D and F block elements.


D and F Block Elements Class 12 Handwritten Notes PDFs Download

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Chemistry Handwritten Notes Class 12 Pdf Download

FAQs on d-block and f-block elements:


Q1: What are d-block and f-block elements?

A1: The d-block and f-block elements are two sets of transition metals located in the periodic table. The d-block elements are also known as the transition metals and occupy the middle portion of the periodic table, specifically from groups 3 to 12. The f-block elements include the lanthanides (rare earth metals) and actinides, which are located at the bottom of the periodic table.

Q2: What are the characteristics of d-block elements?

A2: D-block elements have several common characteristics:
- They exhibit variable oxidation states due to the availability of both ns and (n-1)d orbitals for bonding.
- These elements typically form colored compounds due to the splitting of d-orbitals in a crystal field.
- Many d-block elements are good conductors of electricity and heat.
- They generally have high melting and boiling points.
- D-block elements often act as catalysts in chemical reactions.
- They display a wide range of magnetic properties.

Q3: What are the characteristics of f-block elements?
A3: F-block elements share certain characteristics:
- The f-orbitals are progressively filled as you move across the f-block, resulting in the lanthanide and actinide series.
- Both series have a significant number of unstable or radioactive elements.
- The actinide series has a greater number of synthetic elements compared to the lanthanide series.
- F-block elements have high electron density and display strong paramagnetic behavior.
- They have complex electron configurations due to the involvement of both outer and inner electrons.

Q4: What are some important properties and trends observed in d-block elements?

A4: Some key properties and trends of d-block elements include:
- Atomic and ionic radii generally decrease from left to right across the period.
- Valence electrons are added to the (n-1)d orbitals in this series.
- D-block elements exhibit high melting and boiling points due to strong metallic bonding.
- The transition metals display variable oxidation states, forming compounds with different colors and magnetic properties.
- D-block elements have a tendency to form complexes due to their ability to donate and accept electrons.

Q5: What are some important properties and trends observed in f-block elements?

A5: Important properties and trends of f-block elements include:
- F-block elements have complex electron configurations with electrons in both outer and inner shells.
- Lanthanides and actinides show a gradual decrease in atomic and ionic radii as you move across the series.
- They have similar chemical behavior within each series due to the shielding effect of the filled 4f and 5f orbitals.
- F-block elements often form stable coordination complexes with ligands due to their ability to accommodate additional electrons in the f-orbitals.
- Actinides, in particular, exhibit a greater range of oxidation states compared to lanthanides.
Q6: What are some common applications of d-block and f-block elements?

A6: D-block and f-block elements find various practical applications:
- Transition metals (d-block) are used as catalysts in chemical reactions, such as the Haber process for ammonia synthesis.
- Many d-block elements are vital components in alloys, such as iron in steel production.
- Rare earth metals (lanthanides) find application in technologies like magnets, lasers, and phosphors for lighting.
- Uranium (actinide) is used as fuel in nuclear reactors.

D and F Block Elements Class 12 Handwritten Notes PDFs Download