Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Class 12 Handwritten Notes PDFs
alcohols phenols and ethers class 12 handwritten notes
I. Introduction
A. Definition of Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers: Alcohols, phenols, and ethers are organic compounds that contain oxygen atoms bonded to carbon atoms. Alcohols have a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a carbon atom, phenols have a hydroxyl group attached to an aromatic ring, and ethers have an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups.
B. Importance and common applications: Alcohols, phenols, and ethers have various important applications in different industries. Alcohols are commonly used as solvents, fuels, and raw materials for the production of chemicals. Phenols find use as antiseptics, disinfectants, and in the production of plastics and dyes. Ethers are utilized as solvents and anesthetic agents.
II. Alcohols
A. Definition and General Formula: Alcohols are organic compounds characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a carbon atom. The general formula for alcohols is R-OH, where R represents an alkyl or aryl group.
B. Classification based on the carbon chain: Alcohols can be classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols based on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon atom attached to the hydroxyl group.
1. Primary Alcohols: Primary alcohols have one alkyl group attached to the carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group.
2. Secondary Alcohols: Secondary alcohols have two alkyl groups attached to the carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group.
3. Tertiary Alcohols: Tertiary alcohols have three alkyl groups attached to the carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group.
C. Physical properties:
1. Solubility: Alcohols are generally soluble in water due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl group and water molecules.
2. Boiling and melting points: Alcohols have higher boiling and melting points compared to hydrocarbons of similar molecular weight due to hydrogen bonding.
D. Preparation methods:
1. Hydration of alkenes: Alcohols can be prepared by the addition of water to an alkene in the presence of a catalyst, such as sulfuric acid.
2. Reduction of carbonyl compounds: Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced using reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) to form primary and secondary alcohols, respectively.
E. Reactions and chemical properties:
1. Oxidation reactions: Alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids depending on the conditions and the type of alcohol.
2. Esterification: Alcohols react with carboxylic acids or acid derivatives (e.g., acid chlorides) to form esters.
3. Dehydration: Alcohols can undergo dehydration to form alkenes in the presence of acid catalysts.
F. Industrial applications:
1. Use as solvents: Alcohols, particularly ethanol and methanol, are commonly used as solvents in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, paints, and perfumes.
2. Alcohol-based fuels: Ethanol is used as a biofuel additive and as a renewable energy source.
III. Phenols
A. Definition and General Formula: Phenols are organic compounds characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to an aromatic ring. The general formula for phenols is Ar-OH, where Ar represents an aromatic ring.
B. Structure and properties:
1. Hydroxyl group attached to an aromatic ring: Phenols have a hydroxyl group directly attached to an aromatic ring, which imparts unique chemical and physical properties.
2. Acidity and hydrogen bonding: Phenols are more acidic than alcohols due to the stabilization of the phenoxide ion through resonance. They can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
C. Preparation methods:
1. From benzene diazonium salts: Diazo coupling reactions involving benzene diazonium salts can lead to the formation of phenols.
2. From sulfonic acids: Treatment of aryl sulfonic acids with strong bases can result in the formation of phenols.
D. Reactions and chemical properties:
1. Acylation: Phenols readily react with acyl halides or acid anhydrides to form esters.
2. Reactions with bases: Phenols undergo reactions with bases to form water-soluble phenoxide ions.
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FAQs about alcohols, phenols, and ethers:
1. What are alcohols?
- Alcohols are organic compounds characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl (OH) group attached to a carbon atom. They can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group.
2. What are phenols?
- Phenols are a class of organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded directly to a benzene ring. They are often used in antiseptics, disinfectants, and as precursors for the synthesis of various chemicals.
3. How are alcohols named?
- Alcohols are typically named by replacing the "-e" at the end of the corresponding alkane name with "-ol." The position of the hydroxyl group is indicated by the number of the carbon atom to which it is attached.
4. How are phenols named?
- Phenols are named by using the name of the benzene ring as the parent structure and adding the suffix "-ol" to indicate the presence of the hydroxyl group. Similar to alcohols, the position of the hydroxyl group is indicated by a number.
5. What are ethers?
- Ethers are organic compounds that are characterized by an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups. They have the general formula R-O-R', where R and R' represent alkyl or aryl groups.
6. How are ethers named?
- Ethers are named by identifying the two alkyl or aryl groups attached to the oxygen atom and writing their names alphabetically. The word "ether" is then added to the end. For example, ethyl methyl ether refers to an ether with an ethyl group and a methyl group attached to the oxygen atom.
7. What are some common uses of alcohols, phenols, and ethers?
- Alcohols have various applications such as solvents, antiseptics, fuel additives, and as raw materials in the production of chemicals. Phenols are used as disinfectants, antiseptics, and in the manufacturing of plastics, resins, and pharmaceuticals. Ethers are commonly used as solvents, particularly for reactions that involve water-sensitive compounds.
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